Dr. Nikolaos Vryonis is an Ophthalmic surgeon who specialised in the UK in Paediatric Ophthalmology, Strabismus and Neuro-Ophthalmology.
A complete pediatric eye examination which includes testing of distance and near vision, binocular vision, stereoscopic vision, orthoptic examination, refraction, slit lamp examination and fundoscopy.
Amblyopia (lazy eye), occurs when one eye becomes weaker than the other during infancy or childhood. The brain favours the better eye, causing the weaker eye to get worse over time. Early screening is important because treatment is most effective when it starts early. Treatments include proper eyeglasses, patching the better eye for a few hours or eye drops (atropine) to temporarily blur the vision in the better eye.
Strabismus is a condition in which the eyes do not align with each other. In other words, one eye is turned in a direction that is different from the other eye.
Under normal circumstances, the six muscles that control eye movement work together to point both eyes in the same direction. Patients with strabismus have problems controlling eye movements and cannot maintain normal eye alignment (eye position) and may experience double vision.
Treatment options include the following: Eyeglasses or contact lenses, prismatic lenses, orthoptic exercises (eye exercises), botulinum toxin type A injections (such as Botox) and strabismus surgery.
Genetic factors play a role in many types of eye diseases, including those diseases that are the leading cause of blindness among infants, children and adults.
More than 60 percent of cases of blindness among infants are caused by inherited eye diseases such as congenital (present at birth) cataracts, congenital glaucoma, retinal degeneration, optic atrophy and eye malformations. Up to 40% of patients with certain types of strabismus (ocular misalignment) have a family history of the disease and efforts are currently underway to identify the responsible genes.
Using information from the eye exam and general medical history and examination, the paediatric ophthalmologist and referring physician together determine a plan for diagnosis and treatment.
Sometimes, babies are born with blocked nasolacrimal ducts.
A blocked nasolacrimal duct occurs when the nasal passages cannot properly drain tear fluid from the eyes. A blocked nasolacrimal duct can be treated on its own or may require surgery. With treatment, the majority of children are relieved of their symptoms.
Congenital cataract is a clouding of the natural lens of the eye that is present at birth. Depending on the density and location of the cloudiness, congenital cataracts may need to be removed with cataract surgery while the child is still an infant to allow normal vision development and prevent amblyopia and even blindness. Some congenital cataracts, however, affect only a small part of the lens of the eye and do not interfere with vision enough to warrant surgery.
Most infants born about 2 months or more prematurely or who are at low birth weight will have some degree of retinopathy of prematurity. Fortunately, the condition is often not serious, does not harm vision and resolves without the need for treatment. In some infants, however, retinopathy of prematurity will develop very quickly and could cause vision loss or even blindness. It is very important that these newborns are examined by a paediatric ophthalmologist. This examination should occur frequently 4 to 6 weeks after birth; higher stages of retinopathy of prematurity may need laser or surgical treatment.
Vision problems related to the nervous system, such as optic nerve problems, loss of visual field, unexplained vision loss, transient vision loss, vision disturbances, double vision, abnormal eye movements, ocular thyroid disease, myasthenia gravis, unequal pupil size or eyelid abnormalities.
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